Process of producing fertile transgenic zea mays plants and progeny comprising a gene encoding phosphinothricin acetyl transferase
Patent 5489520 Issued on February 6, 1996. Estimated Expiration Date: April 26, 2014. Estimated Expiration Date is calculated based on simple USPTO term provisions. It does not account for terminal disclaimers, term adjustments, failure to pay maintenance fees, or other factors which might affect the term of a patent.
This invention relates to a reproducible system for the production of stable, genetically transformed maize cells, and to methods of selecting cells that have been transformed. One method of selection disclosed employs the Streptomyces bar gene introduced by microprojectile bombardment into embryogenic maize cells which were grown in suspension cultures, followed by exposure to the herbicide bialaphos. The methods of achieving stable transformation disclosed herein include tissue culture methods and media, methods for the bombardment of recipient cells with the desired transforming DNA, and methods of growing fertile plants from the transformed cells. This invention also relates to the transformed cells and seeds and to the fertile plants grown from the transformed cells and to their pollen.
Other References
Moffat, "Corn Transformed," Science, 249:630, Aug. 10, 1990
Vasil, "Transgenic Cereals Becoming a Reality," Bio/Technology, 8:797, 1990
Fromm et al., "Inheritance and Expression of Chimeric Genes in the Progeny of Transgenic Maize Plants," Bio/Technology, 8:833-839, 1990
Ludwig et al., "Maize R Gene Family: Tissue-Specific Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins," Cell, 62:849-851, 1990
Potrykus, "Gene Transfer to Cereals: An Assessment," Bio/Technology, 8:535-542, Jun. 1990
Cristou et al., "Soybean Genetic Engineering-Commercial Production of Transgenic Plants," Trends Biotech Techniques, 8:145-151, 1990
Creissen et al., "Agrobacterium-and Microprojectile-Mediated Viral DNA Delivery into Barley Microspore-Derived Cultures," Plant Cell Reports, 8:680-683, Apr., 1990
Tomes et al., "Transgenic Tobacco Plants and Their Progeny Derived by Microprojectile Bombardment of Tobacco Leaves," Plant Mol Biol., 14:261-268, Feb., 1990
Tomes, "Status of Corn Transformation." 26th Annual Corn Breeders School, Annual Meeting Proceedings, U. Illinois, Feb. 26-27, 1990, pp. 7-8
Ludwig et al., "A Regulatory Gene as a Novel Visible Marker for Maize Transformation," Science, 247:449-450, 1990
Spencer et al., "Bialaphos Selection of Stable Transformants from Maize Cell Culture," Theor. Appl. Genet., 79:625-631, May, 1990
Christou et al., "Cotransformation Frequencies of Foreign Genes in Soybean Cell Cultures," Theor. Appl. Genet., 79:337-341, 1990
White et al., "A Cassette Containing the Bar Gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: A Selectable Marker for Plant Transformation," Nucleic Acids Res., 18:1062, 1989
Prioli et al., "Plant Regeneration and Recovery of Fertile Plants from Protoplasts of Maise (ZEA MAYS L.)," Bio/Technology, 7:589-594, 1989
Shimamoto et al., "Fertile Transgenic Rico Plants Regenerated from Transformed Protoplasts," Nature, 338:274-276, 1989
Potrykus, "Gene Transfer to Cereals: An Assessment," Tibtech, 7:269-273, 1989
Shillito et al., "Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Protoplasts of Elite Inbred Maize," Bio/Technology, 7:581-587, 1989
Dekeyser et al., "Genetic Transformation of Maize Cells by Particle Bombardment," Plant Physiol., 90:217-223, 1989
De Greef et al,. "Evaluation of Selectable Markers for Rice Transformation," Bio/Technology, 7:61-64, 1989
Kartha et al., "Transient Expression of Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (CAT) Gene in Barley Cell Cultures and Immature Embryos through Microprojectile Bombardment," Plant Cell Reports, 8:429-432, 1989
Mendel et al., "Delivery of Foreign Genes to Intact Barley Cells by High-Velocity Microprojectiles," Theor. Appl. Genet., 78:31-34, 1989
Twell et al., "Transient Expression of Chimeric Genes Delivered into Pollon by Microprojectile Bombardment," Plant Physiol., 91:1270-1274, 1989
Chandler et al., "Two Regulatory Genes of the Maize Anthocyanin Pathway Are Homologous: Isolation of B Utilizing R Genomic Sequences," The Plant Cell, 1:1175-1183, 1989
Ludwig et al., "Lc, A Member of the Maize R Gene Family Responsible for Tissue-Specific Anthocyanin Production, Encodes a Protein Similar to Transcriptional Activators and Contains the myc-homology Region," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:7092-7096, 1989
Klein et al, "Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes Introduced into Intact Maize Tissues by Microprojectiles," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:6681-6685, 1989
Hooykaas, "Transformation of Plant Cells via Agrobacterium," Plant Mol. Biol., 13:327-336, 1989
Klein et al., "Genetic Transformation of Maize Cells by Particle Bombardment," Plant Physiol., 91:440-444, 1989
Cytodifferentiation During Callus Initiation and Somatic Embryogenesis in Zea Mays L., Fransz, P. F., Ph.D. Thesis, U. of Wageningen Press, the Netherlands, 1988
Rhodes et al., "Genetically Transformed Maize Plants from Protoplasts," Science, 240:204-207, 1988
Ulian et al., "Transformation of Plants via the Shoot Apex," In Vitro Cellul. & Dev. Biol., No. 9:951-954, 1988
Hauptmann et al., "Evaluation of Selectable Markers for Obtaining Stable Transformants in the Gramineae" Plant Physiol., 86:602-606, 1988
Klein et al., "Factors Influencing Gene Delivery into Zea Mays Cells by High Velocity Microprojectiles," Bio/Technology, 6:559-563, 198
Christou et al., "Stable Transformation of Soybean Callus by DNA-Coated Gold Particles," Plant Physiol., 87:671-674, 1988
McCabe et al,. "Stable Transformation of Soybean (Glycine Max) by Particle Acceleration," Bio/Technology, 6:923-926, 1988
Stanford, "The Biolistic Process," Trends in Biotechnology, 6:299-302, 1988
Wang et al., "Transcient Expression of Foreign Genes in Rice, Wheat and Soybean Cells Following Particle Bombardment," Plant Mol. Biol., 11:433-439, 1988
Klein et al., "Transfer of Foreign Genes into Intact Maize Cells with High-Velocity Microprojectiles" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:4305-4309, 1988
Rhodes et al., "Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts Isolated from Embryonic Maize Cell Cultures," Bio/Technology, 6:56-60, 1988
Smith et al., "Plant Physiology," Plant Physiology, (Suppl), 86:108, Abstract 646, 1988
Gould et al., "Shoot Tip Culture as a Potential Transformation System," Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, Jan. 3-8, 1988, New Orleans, La., Abstract on p. 91
Lutchke et al., "Selection of AUG Initiation Codons Differs in Plants and Animals," EMBO J., 6:43-48, 1987
Jefferson, "Assaying Chimeric Genes in Plants: The GUS Gene Fusion System," Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter, 5:387-405, 1987
Callis et al., "Introns Increase Gene Expression in Cultured Maize Cells," Genes & Devel., 1:1183-1200, 1987
Thompson et al., "Characterization of the Herbicide-Resistance Gene Bar from Streptomyces hygroscopicus," EMBO J., 6:2519-2523, 1987
De Block et al., "Engineering Herbicide Resistance in Plants by Expression of a Detoxifying Enzyme," EMBO J., 6:2513-2518, 1987
Stanford et al., "Delivery of Substance into Cells and Tissues Using a Particle Bombardment Process," Particulate Sci. & Technology, 5:27-37, 1987
Klein et al., "High-Velocity Microprojectiles for Delivering Nucleic Acids in Living Cells," Nature, 327:70-73, 1987
"`Bullets` Transform Plant Cells," News article in Agricell Report, Jul., 1987, p. 5
"Shotgunning DNA into Cells" News brief in Gen. Eng. News, Jul./Aug., 1987
Kamo et al., "Establishment and Characterization of Long-Term Embryogenic Maize Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures," Plant Science, 45:111-117, 1986
Vasil et al., "Plant Regeneration from Friable Embryogenic Callus and Cell Suspension Cultures of Aea mays L," J. Plant Physiol., 124:399-408
Kozak, "Oint Mutations Define a Sequence Flanking The AUG Initiator Condon That Modulates Translation by Eukaryotic Ribsomes," Cell, 44:283-292, 1986
Jefferson et al., "B-Glucuronidase from Escherichia coli as a Gene-Fusion Marker" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:8447-8451, 1986
Poehlman, Breeding Field Crops, Third Edition, AVI Publ. Co., Inc. Westport, CT, 1986, Chapter 18, pp. 469-481
Murakami et al., "The Bialaphos Biosynthetic Genes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of the Gene Cluster," Mol. Gen. Genet., 205:42-50, 1986
Ludwig et al., "High Frequency Callus Formation from Maize Protoplasts," Theor. Appl. Genet., 71:344-350, 1985
Odell et al., "Identification of DNA Sequences Required for Activity of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S Promoter," Nature, 313:810-811, 1985
Ozias-Akins et al., "Progress and Limitations in the Culture of Cereal Protoplasts," Trends in Biotechnology, 2:119-123, 1984
Vasil et al., "Improved Efficiency of Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration in Tissue Cultures of Maize (Zea mays L.)," Theor. Appl. Genet., 66:285-289, 1983
Barker et al., "Nucleotide Sequence of the T-DNA Region from the Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine Ti plasmid pTil5955," Plant Mol. Biol., 2:335-350, 1983
Bevan et al., "A Chimaeric Antibiotic Resistance Gene as a Selectable Marker for Plant Cell Transformation," Nature, 304:184-187, 1983
Bevan et al., "Structure and Transcription of the Nopaline Synthase Gene Region of T-DNA," Nucl. Acid Res., 11:369-385, 1983
Green et al., "Somatic Cell Genetic Systems in Corn," Advances in Gene Technology: Molecular Genetics of Plants and Animals, Academic Press, Inc., 1983, pp. 147-157
Meadows, "Characterization of Cells and Protoplasts of the B73 Maize Cell Line," Plant Sci. Letters, 28:337-348, 1982/83
Green et al., "Callus Formation from Stem Protoplasts of Corn (Zea mays L.)" Maize for Biological Research, by Charles Ellis Cohen, a special publication of the Plant Molecular Biology Assoc., 1982, pp. 367-372
Potrykus et al., "Maize for Biological Research," Theor. Appl. Genet., 54:209-214, 1979
Potrykus et al., "Callus Formation from Cell Protoplasts of Corn (Zea mays L.)," Molec. Gen. Genet., 156:347-350, 1977
Sprague et al., "Corn and Corn Improvement," Corn and Corn Improvement, Ed. G. F. Sprague, No. 18 in Agronomy Series, Pub. by American Soc. of Agronomy, Inc, Madison, WI, 1977, pp. 305, 320-323
Green et al,. "Plant Regeneration from Tissue Cultures of Maize'" Crop Science, 15:417-421, 1975
Cao et al., "Transformation of Rice and Maize Using the Biolistic Process," Plant Gene Transfer, pp. 21-33, 1990
Gordon-Kamm et al., "Stable Transformation of Embryogenic Maize Cultures by Microprojectile Bombardment," Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, Suppl. 13D, Mar. 27-Apr. 7, 1989, p. 259, Abstract M122
Armstron et al., "Genetic and Cytogenetic Variation in Plants Regenerated from Organogenic and Friable, Embryogenic Tissue Cultures of Maize," Biol. Abstracts, vol. 85, 1988, Abstract 117662
Ross et al., "Transient and Stable Transgenic Cells and Calli of Tobacco and Maize Following Microprojectile Bombardment," J. Cell Biochem., Suppl. 13D, 1989, Abstract M149
Gordon-Kamm et al., "Transformation of Maize Cells and Regeneration of Fertile Transgenic Plants," The Plant Cell, 2:603-618, 1990
Robbins-Roth et al., "They Make it Happen in Biotech," Bioworld, Nov./Dec., 1990, pp. 30-36
Murphy, "New DeKalb-Pfizer Seed Chief to Harvest R & D Breakthroughs," Crain's Business Weekly, pp. 38-39, 1990
PCT Search Report, mailed Jan. 15, 1991
Potrykus, "Gene Transfer to Plants: Assessment and Perspectives," Physiologia Plantarum, 79:125-134, 1990
Lazzeri & Lorz, "In Vitro Genetic manipulation of Cerals and Grasses," Advances in Cell Culture, 6:291-325, 1988
Ahokas, "Transfection in Germinating Barley Seed Electrophoretically with Exogenous DNA," Theor. Appl. Genet., 77:460-472, 1989
Klein et al., "Genetic Transformation of Maize Cells by Particle Bombardment and the Influence of Methylation on Foreign-Gene Expression," Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement II, Ed. Gustafson, J. P., Plenum Press, New York, 1990, pp. 265-266 only supplied
Schmidt et al., "Media and Environmental Effects on Phenolics Production from Tobacco Cell Cultures," Chem. Abstracts, 110:514-515, Abstract 230156, 1989
Horn et al., "Transgenic Plants of Orchard Grass," Chem. Abstracts, 110:208, Abstract 89869A, 1989
Crossway et al., "Integration of Foreign DNA Following Microinjection of Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts," Mol. Gen. Genet., 202:179-185, 1986
Jahne et al., "Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Protoplasts Derived from Embryogenic Cell Suspensions of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)," Plant Cell Reports, 10:1-6, 1991
Ozias-Akins and Vasil, "In Vitro Regeneration and Genetic Manipulation of Grasses," Physiologia Plantarum, 73:565-569, 1988
Fromm et al., "Expression of Genes Transferred into Monocot and Dicot Plant Cells by Electroporation," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:5824-5828, 1985
Lorz et al., "Advances in Tissue Culture and Progress Towards Genetic Transformation of Cereals," Plant Breeding, 100:1, 1988
Brunke and Meeusen, "Insect Control with Genetically Engineered Crops," Trends in Biol. Sci., 16, 1991
DeWalk et al., "International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Amsterdam," Abstract A1-36, 7th International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Amsterdam, 24-29 Jun., 1990
Ahokes, "Electrophoretic Transfection of Cereal Grains with Exogenous Nucleic Acid," Soc. Biochem. Biophys. Microbiol. Fenn., Biotieteen Paivat (Bioscience Days), Abstracts, Techn Univ of Helsinki, Espoo, p. 2, 1989
Francois et al., "Chromosomal Location and Nucleotide Sequence of the Escherichia coli dapA gene," Biol. Abstr., 82:(1):AB-391, Abstract 3396
Graves and Goldman, "The Transformaton of Zea mays Seedings with Agrobacterium tumefaciens," Plant Mol. Biol., 7:43-50, 1986
Genetic Technology News, Mar. 1990
Genetic Engineering Letter, Apr. 1990
Genetic Technology News, May 1990
Genetic Technology News, Jul. 1990
Genetic Technology News, Jul. 1991
Clark, "Biotech Advance in Corn: Gunsligning Researchers Fire Marker Genes into Corn," AG Consultant, Jul. 1990
Freiberg, "More Researchers Discover Corn Transformation Technology," AG Biotechnology News, p. 26. Jun. 1990
Bio/Technology, p. 490, Jun. 1990
"Gene Guns Succeed in Altering Corn," Biotechnology News, p. 2, Apr. 1990
Szoka, "Sticky Ends," Genetic Engineering News, May 1990
Nelson, "New Horses for Monocot Gene Jockeys," The Plant Cell, 2:589, 1990
"DeKalb Researchers Produce Fertile Corn Plants with Foreign Genes," Agri. Newsletter, Oct./Nov., 1990
"Ecogen and Evans Biocontrol: The Failure of a Low-Risk Strategy" Agricultural Genetics Report, Mar./Apr. 1990
"Food & Agriculture" Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, 5(4), 1990
Spencer et al., "Selection of Stable Transformants from Maize Suspension Cultures Using the Herbicide Bialaphos," Poster Presentation, Faseb Plant Gene Expression Conference, Copper Mountain, Colorado, Aug. 6-11, 1989
"Genetic Engineering Advance Announced for Corn Plants," Investor's Daily, Apr. 1990
"Corn Farmers See Economic, Environmental Gold in Designer Genes," Chicago Tribune, Jan. 1991
Steimel, "New Gun will Custom-Design Corn: Breeding Technique Expected by End of '90s Will Let Crop Grow Without Pesticides or Much Water," 1990
"Genetic Advance May Transform Corn" Chicago Tribune, Apr. 1990
Looker, "DeKalb Claims Success in Effort to Alter Genetic Makeup of Corn," The Des Moines Register, Apr. 1990
"Two Teams Place Genes into Corn," The Wall Street Journal, Apr. 1990
"Corn Breeders Stalk Perfect Hybrid," Rockford Register Star, Aug. 1990
"Cornell U. Gene Gun Hits Biotech Bullseye," Agriculture Technology, p. 13. 1990
"Genetic Engineering `Breakthrough` Disputed," Cedar Rapids Gazette, Apr. 1990
Booy et al., "Attempted Pollen-Mediated Transformation of Maize," J. Plant Physiol., 135:319-324, 1989
Walbot et al., "Molecular Genetics of Corn," Ag. Mono., 18:389-430, 1988
McDaniel et al., "Cell-Lineage Patterns in the Shoot Apical Meristem of the Germinating Maize Embryo," Planta, 175:13-22, 1988
Merck Index, 11th ed., pp. 405-406, Abstract No. 2795. Cennential Ed 1989
Aldrich Chemical Company Catalogue, p. 508, 1988
Freeling et al., "Developmental Potentials of Maize Tissue Cultures," Maydica, 21:97-112, 1976
Chourey et al., "Callus Formation from Protoplasts of a Maize Cell Culture," Theor. Appl. Genetics, 59:341-344, 1981
Guilley et al., "Transcription of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus DNA: Detection of Promoter Sequences, and Characterization of Transcripts," Cell, 30:763-773, 1982
Gritz & Davies, "Plasmid-Encoded Hygromycin B Resistance: The Sequence of Hygromycin B Phosphotransferase Gene and Its Expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae" Gene, 25:179-188, 1983
de Wet et al., "Cloning of Firefly Luciferase cDNA and the Expression of Active Luciferase in Escherichia coli," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:7870-7873, 1985
Kamo et al., "Regeneration of Zea Mays L. from Embryogenic Callus," Bot. Gaz., 146:327-334, 1985
Richaud et al., "Cromosomal Location and Nucleotide Sequence of the Escherichia coli dapA Gene," J. Bacteriol., 166(1):297-300, 1986
Ampe et al., "The Amino-Acid Sequence of the 2S Sulphur-Rich from Seeds of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.)," Eur. J. Biochem., 159:597-604, 1986
Fromm et al., "Stable Transformation of Maize after Gene Transfer by Electroporation," Nature, 319:791-793, 1986
Pedersen et al., "Sequence Analysis and Characterization of a Maize Gene Encoding a High-Sulfur Zein Protein of Mr 15,000," J. Biol. Chem., 261(14):6279-6284, 1986
Vasil et al., "Somatic Embryogenesis," IAPTC Abstracts, 443, 1986
Imbrie-Milligan et al., "Microcallus Growth from Maize Protoplasts," Planta, 171:58-64, 1987
Altenbach et al., "Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a cDNA Encoding a Brazil Nut Protein Exceptionally Rich in Methionine," Plant Mol. Biol., 8:239-250, 1987
Cocking et al., "Gene Transfer in Cereals," Science, 236:1259-1262, 1987
Hoffman et al., "Synthesis and Protein Body Deposition of Maize 15kd Zein in Transgenic Tobacco Seeds," EMBO J., 6:3212-3221, 1987
Jefferson et al., "GUS Fusions: B-glucuronidase as a Sensitive and Versatile Gene Fusion Marker in Higher Plants, EMBO J., 6:3901-3907, 1987
Hoffman et al., "A Modified Storage Protein is Synthesized, Processed, and Degraded in the Seeds of Transgenic Plants," Plant Molecular Biology, 11:717-729, 1988
Kirihara et al., "Isolation and Sequence of a Gene Encoding a Methionine-Rich 10-kDa Zein Protein from Maize," Gene, 71:359-370, 1988
Kirihara et al., "Differential Expression of a Gene for a Methionine-Rich Storage Protein in Maize," Mol. Gen. Genet., 211:477-484, 1988
Neuffer, "Growing Maize for Genetic Purposes," Maize for Biological Research, Plant Mol. Biol. Assoc., 1988
Phillips et al., "Cell/Tissue Culture and In Vitro Manipulation," Corn and Corn Improvement, Agronomy Monograph No. 18, Agronomy Society of America et al., 3rd ed., Chapter 5, 1988
Weising et al., "Foreign Genes in Plants: Transfer, Structure, Expression and Applications," Ann. Rev. of Genetics, 22:421-477, 1988
Altenbach et al., "Enhancement of the Methionine Content of Seed Proteins by the Expression of a Chimeric Gene Encoding a Methionin-Rich Protein in Transgenic Plants," Plant Mol. Biol., 13:513-522, 1989
Benner et al., "Genetic Analysis of Methionine-Rich Storage Protein Accumulation in Maize," Theor. Appl. Genet., 78:761-767, 1989
Grimsley et al., "DNA Transfer from Agrobacterium to Zea mays or Brassica by Agroinfection is Dependent on Bacterial Virulence Functions," Molec. Gen. Genet., 217:309-316, 1989
Masumura et al., "cDNA Cloning an mRNA Encoding of a Sulfur-Rich 10 kDa Prolamin Polypeptide in Rice Seeds," Plant Mol. Biol., 12:123-130, 1989
Rhodes, "Corn: From Protoplasts to Fertile Plants," Biotechnology, 7:548, 1989
Christou et al., "Soybean Genetic Engineering-Commercial Production of Transgenic Plants," Trends in Biotechnology, 8:145, 1990
Okta et al., "Gene Manifestation of Exogenous DNA Applied to Self-Propagating Stigma Jap. J. Breed, 30 (Suppl. 2) pp. 184-185, 1980
Messing, "Corn Storage Protein: A Molecular Genetic Model," Division of Energy BioSciences-Summarie of FY 1990 Activities, Abstract # 135, p. 70, 1990
Morocz et al., "Two Approaches to Rendering Zea mays L. Applicable to Tissue Culture Manipulations," IAPTC Conference Proceedings, Abstract #209, p. 190, 1990
"Chipping Away at Old Weed Enemies," Farm Science Outlook, Prairie Farmer, 20 Feb., 1990
Dialog Search Abstract of a Japanese Patent, No. 61,134,343, 1986
U.S. application Ser. No. 07/635,279, filed Dec. 28, 1990
Waldron et al., "Resistance to Hygromycin B," Plant Mol. Biol., 5:103-108, 1985
Phillips and McClure, "Elevated Protein-Bound Methionine in Seeds of a Maize Line Resistant to Lysine Plus Threonine," Cereal Chemists, 62(3):213-218, 1985
Horn et al., "Transgenic Plants of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) from Protoplasts," Plant Cell Reports, 7:469-472, 1988
Lindsey et al., "Electroporation of Cells," Physiologia Plantarum, 79: 168-172, 1990
Patent Family Record for Australian Patent 87 80 893 Published May 1988
Chasan, "Transforming Maize Transformation," The Plant Cell, 4:1463-1464, 1992
Coe and Neuffer, "The Genetics of Corn" In: Corn and Corn Improvement, Chapter 4, p. 138, 1977
D'Halluin et al., "Transgenic Maize Plants by Tissue Electroporation," The Plant Cell, 4:1495-1505, 1992
Koziel et al., "Field Performance of Elite Transgenic Maize Plants Expressing an Insecticidal Protein Derived from Bacillus Bio/Technology vol. 11. pp. 194-200 Feb. 1993
Levitt, "Growth Regulators" In: Introduction to Plant Physiology, The C.V. Mosby Company, Saint Louis, publishers, p. 241, 1969
Ohta, "High-Efficiency Genetic Transformation of Maize by a Mixture of Pollen and Exogenous DNA," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83:715-719, 1986
Phillips et al., "Cell/Tissue Culture and In Vitro Manipulation" In: Corn and Corn Improvement, Third Edition, Sprague and Dudley, eds., No. 18 in the series AGRONOMY, Chapter 5, pp. 345-387, 1988
Robertson, "Loss of Mu Mutator Activity when Active Mu Systems are Transferred to Inbred Lines," Maize Genetics Cooperation New Letter, vol. 60, p. 10, 1986
Sass, "Morphology: Development of the Caryopsis" In: Corn and Corn Improvement, 2nd Ed., No. 18 in the series AGRONOMY, Chapter 3, p. 98, 1977
Walters et al., "Transformation and Inheritance of Hygromycin Phosphotransferase Gene in Maize Plants," Plant Molecular Biology, 18:189-200, 1992
Goff et al., "Transactivation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes following transfer of B regulatory genes into maize tissues," The EMBO Journal, 9(8):2517-2522, 1990
Green & Rhodes, "Plant Regeneration in Tissue Cultures of Maize," In: Maize for Biological Research, William F. Sheridan, Ed., University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 1982
Shen & Hohn, "Amplification and expression of the ଲ-glucuronidase gene in maize plants by vectors based on maize streak virus," The Plant Journal, 5(2):227-236, 1994
Wan & Lemaux, "Generation of Large Numbers of Independently Transformed Fertile Barley Plants," Plant Physiol., 104:37-48, 199
April 26, 2014. Estimated Expiration Date is calculated based on simple USPTO term provisions. It does not account for terminal disclaimers, term adjustments, failure to pay maintenance fees, or other factors which might affect the term of a patent.
