U.S. patents available from 1976 to present.
U.S. patent applications available from 2005 to present.

Crossed cylinder lenses refractor with three-lens variable crossed cylinder assembly and method of use

Patent 4840479 Issued on June 20, 1989. Estimated Expiration Date: Icon_subject November 2, 2007. Estimated Expiration Date is calculated based on simple USPTO term provisions. It does not account for terminal disclaimers, term adjustments, failure to pay maintenance fees, or other factors which might affect the term of a patent.

Patent References

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Inventor

Application

No. 07/116322 filed on 11/02/1987

US Classes:

351/235, Having plural disc carrier351/234Mounted on rotatable disc

Examiners

Primary: Bovernick, Rodney B.

Attorney, Agent or Firm

International Classes

A61B 3/028 (20060101)
A61B 3/036 (20060101)
A61B 3/02 (20060101)

Abstract

A new lens system and method of use for otherwise conventional refractors comprising a synchronized, three-lens, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment and selectable fixed crossed cylinders which may be placed in the examining optical path. The synchronized, variable crossed cylinder lens attachment replaces the Jackson crossed cylinder lens and rotates in step with rotation of the cylinder lens axis. Batteries of strong and weak crossed cylinder lenses replace the strong and weak cylinder lenses of conventional refractors. Refractive techniques utilizing the disclosed crossed cylinder lens systems are also described.

Other References

  • Stokes, "On a Mode of Measuring the Astigmatism of a Defective Eye" (1883)
  • Dennett, "The Stokes' Lens for Measuring Astigmatism" (1885)
  • Jackson, "A Trial Set of Small Lenses in a Modified Trial Frame" (1887)
  • "Dr. Thomson's 1895 Correspondence Course in Optics with Historical Commentary by Monroe J. Hirsch"
  • Friedman, "The Jackson Crossed Cylinder, A Critique" (1940)
  • Crisp, "A New Cross-Cylinder Test for Astigmatic Axis, Without Use of Test Type" (1942)
  • Egan, "A Resume of Crossed Cylinder Application and Theory"
  • Littmann, "Fundamental Considerations About Opthalmometry"
  • Wunsh, "The Crossed Cylinder" (chapter 38 of Clinical Ophthalmology (vol. 1), Duane, editor (1978)
  • Kaufman, "Subjective Refraction: Fogging Use of the Astigmatic Dials" (chapter 39 of Clinical Ophthalmology (vol. 1), Duane, editor (1978)
  • Duke-Elder and Abrams, "Ophthalmic Optics in Refraction" (1970), pp. 438-439
  • Alverez, "Development of Variable--Focus Lenses and a New Refractor" (1978)
  • Michaels, Visual Optics and Refraction (chapter 12) (1980)
  • Guyton, "Automated Clinical Refraction" (chapter 67 of Clinical Ophthalmology (vol. 1), Duane, editor (1985)
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