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3M employee and church chorister Art Fry needed something to temporarily mark pages in his hymnal. He was in luck because his colleague, Spencer Silver, accidentally developed a glue that was too weak for other purposes. After initially discouraging consumer response, Post-it Notes became a hit in 1979.
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| Number | Title | Issue Date |
| 7347926 | Method and apparatus for measuring specific component A method for measuring a concentration of a specific component includes the steps of: supplying a sample fluid to a reaction field holding a reagent; obtaining a single or a plurality of leak currents for correction, through a measurement of electric current made on... | 03/25/2008 |
| 7259126 | Gas diffusion electrode and catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction and method of dispersing the catalyst An improved gas diffusion electrode composed of a perovskite-type oxide dispersed in a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic binder polymer. An improved catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising a perovskite-type compound having alph... | 08/21/2007 |
| 7043402 | On-line oil condition sensor system for rotating and reciprocating machinery An on-line sensing system and method for monitoring in real-time thermal-oxidative breakdown, water contamination, and/or fuel dilution conditions in operational engine lubricating oils. The method of the invention includes an electrochemical impedance analysis tech... | 05/09/2006 |
| 7019654 | Contact potential difference sensor to monitor oil properties A method and system for contact potential sensing of dielectric properties of a fluid. The method and system include a contact potential sensor, an open or closed loop for passing a fluid past the sensor, measuring a contact potential to characterize dielectric prop... | 03/28/2006 |
| 6972083 | Electrochemical method and system for monitoring hydrogen peroxide concentration in slurries Electrochemical monitoring system and method are provided for online determination of hydrogen peroxide concentration in slurries, e.g., a chemical mechanical polishing slurry. The monitoring system includes an electrochemical cell fluidly coupled to receive a slurr... | 12/06/2005 |
| 6129831 | Hydrogen peroxide sensor The sensor electrode has a sensing surface intended to contact a liquid medium for continuous measuring, in combination with a counter electrode and a reference electrode, of the hydrogen peroxide concentration over a concentration range from 0.005 mole/l... | 10/10/2000 |
| 6106692 | Measuring concentrations of plural target substances by use of diamond electrode There is provided a concentration sensor for measurement of concentrations of one or plural target substances in a system, with a detection electrode of conductive diamond. The measuring method with the concentration sensor involves measuring the reaction... | 08/22/2000 |
| 5932079 | Electrochemical multigas sensor An electrochemical measuring cell for the simultaneous detection of different gas components in a gas sample, with a plurality of measuring electrodes (4, 5, 6) behind a diffusion barrier (7), with a common reference electrode (8) and counterelectrode (9)... | 08/03/1999 |
| 5848965 | Method and a system for the determination of pH and other fluid parameters utilizing a metal monocrystalline electrode A method and system for the determination of the pH of a fluid by measuring the pH of the fluid and thereafter correcting the pH based upon the determination of measured and/or adjusted values of at least one other parameter, such as PO2 and PC... | 12/15/1998 |
| 5820745 | Method of measuring the concentration of a gas in a gas mixture and electrochemical sensor for determining the gas concentration The invention relates to a method as well as to an electrochemical sensor for measuring the concentration of at least one predetermined gas in a gas mixture by means of an electrolyte provided with a first and a second surface-mounted electrode, which are... | 10/13/1998 |
| 5753101 | Method of monitoring constituents in conversion coating baths A method for monitoring the constituents present in conversion coating bath solutions. The method involves using specific ac and dc voltammetry and using platinum or other noble metal working electrodes. First, a selected dc potential is applied to a work... | 05/19/1998 |
| 5719911 | System for monitoring noble metal distribution in reactor circuit during plant application A system for ensuring the distribution of noble metal in the reactor circuit during plant application without measuring the reactor water for noble metal content by chemical analysis. The system performs the measurement of electrochemical corrosion potent... | 02/17/1998 |
| 5624546 | Method and apparatus for the detection of toxic gases A compact electrochemical cell utilized for the detection of numerous toxic gases. The cell includes working and counter electrodes, surrounded by a liquid electrolyte, all of which is enclosed behind a gas permeable, hydrophobic membrane. The working ele... | 04/29/1997 |
| 5580439 | Reference electrode for electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in an ionic melt The method of electrochemical determination of oxygen partial pressure in ionic melts includes providing a metal/metal oxide reference electrode consisting of an electrode body made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Hf, Nb and Ta and... | 12/03/1996 |
| 5562815 | Apparatus and method for the electrochemical determination of the oxygen concentration of a liquid medium An apparatus and method of electrochemically determining an oxygen concentration with an oxygen sensor that includes a working electrode. The working electrode has a potential profile that includes a first potential step (a first measuring potential), a s... | 10/08/1996 |
| 5538620 | Electrochemical sensor with which to measure gas concentrations The invention concerns a novel electrochemical sensor with which to measure gas concentrations and comprising a measuring electrode and an associated electrode containing a carbonaceous material with a specific surface of at least 40 m2 /g and ... | 07/23/1996 |
| 5460710 | Electro-analysis of liquids and sensing elements for use therein A sensing element, for use in determining the presence and/or concentration of a species in a solution, comprises a flat insulating substrate (10) having at least one thin metallic electrode (16) deposited on it and overlaid with an insulating layer (20).... | 10/24/1995 |
| 5437772 | Portable lead detector Apparatus and methods for quickly and easily detecting trace amounts of metallic or non-metallic, electro-active substances, and in particular trace amounts of metals, such as lead in a portable, hand-held detector system with single potential control.... | 08/01/1995 |
| 5431789 | Determination of organic compounds in water A method for determining concentrations of solutes such as alcohols, amino acids, carbohydrates, calcium, etc. in water solution. The open-circuit potential shift of an oxidatively pretreated nickel electrode in alkaline solution is used.... | 07/11/1995 |
| 5411647 | Techniques to improve the performance of electrochemical sensors A method of improving the utility of electrochemical glucose sensors by decreasing either or both their settling time and their sensitivity to interfering compounds. In particular, the settling time of an electrochemical glucose sensor is improved by pret... | 05/02/1995 |
| 5403451 | Method and apparatus for pulsed electrochemical detection using polymer electroactive electrodes In a first embodiment, a target analyte in solution is detected by exposing the solution to an electrode that includes a conducting electroactive polymer to which a periodic alternating voltage is coupled. Upon exposure to the analyte, an electrode charac... | 04/04/1995 |
| 5376244 | Electrochemical determination of oxygen concentration In a process for electrochemically determining the oxygen concentration, in particular in body fluids, by means of an oxygen sensor having a sensor electrode, an exact oxygen determination is possible if a potential profile having a plurality of potential... | 12/27/1994 |
| 5364510 | Scheme for bath chemistry measurement and control for improved semiconductor wet processing A feedback control system for providing automated and in-situ control of multi-component chemical concentrations in a liquid bath used for semiconductor processing. A sample from the liquid bath is injected into a carrier stream and routed to a conductivi... | 11/15/1994 |
| 5294313 | Sensors for monitoring waste glass quality and method of using the same A set of three electrical probes for monitoring alkali and oxygen activity of a glass melt. On-line, real time measurements of the potential difference among the probes when they are placed in electrical contact with the melt yield the activity informatio... | 03/15/1994 |
| 5239258 | Freshness and stability test using oxidative degradation A method for analysis of freshness of fuels, food products, and oils, lubricants and other fluids, and other organic materials, is disclosed which quickly analyzes oxidative degradation of a sample off-line by measuring the oxidation products of the mater... | 08/24/1993 |
| 5118398 | Method and an apparatus for detecting ionizable substance The amount of ionizable substance within a stream can be continuously monitored through the use of an ionizable substance detector. The substance is ionized at an electrode producing ions and free electrons. The ions are transported across an ion exchange... | 06/02/1992 |
| 5085760 | Electrochemical gas sensors An electrochemical gas sensor having a high surface area gas diffusing electrode defined for diffusing gases to be sensed to reach the catalyst surfaces of the electrode to provide the cathodic reduction of oxygen in a gas mixture undergoing sensing there... | 02/04/1992 |
| 5071527 | Complete oil analysis technique A method and apparatus is disclosed for the complete analysis of used oils, lubricants, and fluids. The method can monitor antioxidant depletion, oxidation initiators buildup, product buildup, or liquid contamination or combinations thereof. The method ca... | 12/10/1991 |
| 5064516 | Measuring gas levels A method for measuring the amount of an electroactive gas in a gaseous mixture using an electrochemical cell, the cell including a working electrode (anode), counter electrode (cathode), an electrolyte in which oxygen reduction is inhibited, means for app... | 11/12/1991 |
| 4988418 | Method of electrically measuring the concentration of acids In a method for the electrical measurement of the concentration of acids a measurement electrode (11) consisting at least predominantly of crystalline graphite is arranged in an acid (12) having anions which form graphite intercalation compounds with grap... | 01/29/1991 |
| 4985123 | In situ polarographic sensor calibration A coated polarographic sensor is calibrated by exposing the sensor to calibration media having known temperatures and species chemical potentials. The sensor is allowed to equilibrate with respect to the calibration media. After equilibration, the sensor ... | 01/15/1991 |
| 4935107 | Process for electrochemical measurement of the concentration of oxide ions in a bath based on molten halides The invention concerns a process and apparatus for electrochemical measurement of the concentration of oxide ions dissolved in a bath based on molten halides. The process is based on impedance measurement at a low current and a low overvoltage, between an... | 06/19/1990 |
| 4906339 | Amperometric method A method for determination of a first electroactive and normally gaseous species (EAGS) and a second EAGS in a fluid medium containing both EAGS; the medium is contacted with a first working electrode that is sensitive but to the first EAGS and generates ... | 03/06/1990 |
| 4897162 | Pulse voltammetry A glucose sensing apparatus and method includes an electrocatalytic sensor having a reference electrode and a sensing electrode. A periodic signal is comprised of a ramp voltage which is intermingled a series of square wave measurement pulses. This signal... | 01/30/1990 |
| 4863873 | Method for biological testing and/or developing pharmaceuticals for treatment of disorders A method for establishing a treatment protocol for correcting an abnormal condition of disease in a living organism is described. The method comprises the steps of analyzing body fluids from normal and abnormal individuals to generate analysis patterns of... | 09/05/1989 |
| 4853091 | Method and apparatus for the electrochemical determination of oxygen concentration The electrochemical determination of the oxygen concentration, particularly in biological matter, is possible by means of an oxygen sensor with a measuring electrode and a counter electrode over long periods of time, even if the sensor is implanted, by ta... | 08/01/1989 |
| 4798655 | Multiparameter analytical electrode structure and method of measurement An ion sensitive electrode device and method of its use in analytical and clinical chemistry are provided for measuring the concentration of an ionizable analyte contained in an aqueous medium. The device with external circuit means includes an electrode ... | 01/17/1989 |
| 4764258 | Method for evaluating the remaining useful life of a hydrocarbon oil A method is disclosed for measuring the remaining useful life of a hydrocarbon oil containing at least one additive species. An oil sample is mixed with a solvent, a solid substrate, and in some cases an electrolyte to produce an analysis sample. The anal... | 08/16/1988 |
| 4541902 | Analytical method for determining formaldehyde in electroless copper plating bath An analytical method for determining by potentiometric titration formaldehyde in an electroless copper plating bath, which comprises using a hydroxylamine salt such as hydroxylamine hydrochloride as the titrant and using a silver electrode as the indicato... | 09/17/1985 |
| 4533440 | Method for continuous measurement of the sulfite/sulfate ratio The redox potential is used as a measure of the ratio of sulfite and sulfate ions in a solution containing these ions. In one embodiment of the present invention a slip stream sample of a process solution is divided into two components one of which is oxi... | 08/06/1985 |
