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3M employee and church chorister Art Fry needed something to temporarily mark pages in his hymnal. He was in luck because his colleague, Spencer Silver, accidentally developed a glue that was too weak for other purposes. After initially discouraging consumer response, Post-it Notes became a hit in 1979.
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| Number | Title | Issue Date |
| 7175691 | Method of producing stainless steel by re-using waste material of stainless steel producing process A method of producing stainless steel includes the steps of melting a raw material in an electric furnace to form molten steel, and then refining the molten steel by a refining furnace to produce stainless steel in a stainless steel producing process. In the method,... | 02/13/2007 |
| 7160353 | Process for producing molten iron A method for making molten iron includes the steps of feeding a raw material mixture containing an iron oxide material and a carbonaceous reductant into a heating reduction furnace to reduce iron oxide in the raw material mixture with the carbonaceous reductant into... | 01/09/2007 |
| 6989042 | Direct smelting process and apparatus A molten-bath based direct smelting process and apparatus for producing metals from a ferrous material is disclosed. The process includes injecting feed materials being solid material and carrier gas into a molten bath at a velocity of at least 40 m/s through at lea... | 01/24/2006 |
| 6939391 | Direct smelting process and apparatus A molten bath-based direct smelting process for producing ferrous metal from a ferrous feed material is disclosed. The process is characterised by injecting pro-heated air downwardly into metallurgical vessel at an angle of 20 to 90° C. relative to a horizontal axi... | 09/06/2005 |
| 6626977 | Direct smelting process and apparatus A direct smelting process for producing iron and/or ferroalloys is provided, which involves injecting feed materials into a molten bath of molten metal in a metallurgical vessel to form an expanded molten bath zone, and injecting oxygen containing gas, wh... | 09/30/2003 |
| 6547847 | Continuous process for transforming material, yielding controlled composition products and apparatus apt to carry out such process A continuous process and apparatus for transforming, by chemico-physical reactions inside molten slag, materials to be gasified, thermally destroyed, inertized, or from which elements of commercial value are to be recovered, yielding controlled compositio... | 04/15/2003 |
| 6488738 | Method of producing molten metal A combustion chamber in a melter gasifier extends into a fluidized bed to isolate fine particulate ore introduced into the chamber from the remaining internal portion of the melter gasifier. The fine particulate ore is melted in the chamber and falls on t... | 12/03/2002 |
| 6478848 | Direct smelting process A direct smelting process for producing metal from a metalliferous feed material is disclosed. The direct smelting process is a molten bath-based process in which smelting occurs predominantly in the metal layer, carrier gas/metalliferous feed material/so... | 11/12/2002 |
| 6440195 | Process and an apparatus for producing metals and metal alloys A process and an apparatus for producing metals from a metalliferous feed material are disclosed. The process includes the steps of partially reducing and at least partially melting a metalliferous feed material in a pre-reduction/melting means and comple... | 08/27/2002 |
| 6423115 | Direct smelting process A direct smelting process for producing metals from a metalliferous feed material is disclosed. The process includes forming a molten bath having a metal layer (15) and a slag layer (16) on the metal layer in a metallurgical vessel, injecting metalliferou... | 07/23/2002 |
| 6409790 | Method and apparatus for practicing carbonaceous-based metallurgy An energy efficient, coal-based method and apparatus that are environmentally friendly which produce under pressure metallized/carbon product and molten metal directly from abundant coal or other carbonaceous material, and low cost fines (or ore concentra... | 06/25/2002 |
| 6402808 | Direct smelting process A process for direct smelting a metalliferous feed material is disclosed. Char and fuel gas are produced by pre-treating coal with an oxygen-containing gas. The fuel gas is used to heat an oxygen-containing gas and/or to produce an oxygen-containing gas i... | 06/11/2002 |
| 6379422 | Direct smelting process A process for direct smelting metalliferous feed material is disclosed. Iron oxides are partially reduced in a solid state in a pre-reduction vessel. The partially reduced iron oxides are smelted to molten iron in a direct smelting vessel which contains a... | 04/30/2002 |
| 6379424 | Direct smelting apparatus and process A vessel which produces metal from a feed material by direct smelting is disclosed. The vessel contains a molten bath having a metal layer (15) and a slag layer (16) on the metal layer and a gas continuous space (31) above the slag layer. The vessel inclu... | 04/30/2002 |
| 6368548 | Direct smelting process and apparatus A direct smelting process for producing metals from metalliferous feed material is disclosed. The process includes forming a molten bath having a metal layer and a slag layer on the metal layer and smelting injected metalliferous feed material in the meta... | 04/09/2002 |
| 6352574 | Process for direct production of cast iron from fine iron ore and fine coal A process is described for direct production of cast iron starting from iron bearing ore in an apparatus having two communicating chambers in which to carry out the process, comprising the following operations: pre-reduction and pre-heating to founding po... | 03/05/2002 |
| 6328783 | Producing iron from solid iron carbide A method of producing iron from iron carbide is disclosed. Solid iron carbide is injected into a molten bath comprising molten iron and slag and dissolves in the molten bath. An oxygen-containing gas is injected into a gas space above the surface of the m... | 12/11/2001 |
| 6277172 | Method of charging metal carriers to a melt-down gasifying zone In a method of charging metal carriers which contain a portion of fines and are at least partially reduced and carbon carriers to a melter gasifier (10) in which a melt-down gasifying zone (11) is maintained, the metal carriers and the carbon carriers are... | 08/21/2001 |
| 6258148 | Method of charging metal carriers to a melt-down gasifying zone In a method of charging metal carriers which contain a portion of fines and are at least partially reduced to a melter gasifier in which a melt-down gasifying zone formed by a bed is maintained, the metal carriers and carbon carriers are fed into the melt... | 07/10/2001 |
| 6214084 | Iron manufacturing process Iron ore is reduced to molten iron by introducing the ore into a reactor while combusting coal with pure oxygen in the reactor. The molten iron phase, which forms at the bottom of the reactor, is stirred by injecting carbon monoxide into the molten iron. ... | 04/10/2001 |
| 6214085 | Method for direct steelmaking This invention relates to making steel directly from ore concentrate and non-coking coal to which flux material is added. The method eliminates numerous steps by reducing the ore with the coal in a sealed chamber and under pressure termed "carbotreating" ... | 04/10/2001 |
| 6197088 | Producing liquid iron having a low sulfur content A method of liquid iron production using high sulfur fuels is provided in which the level of sulfur in the iron is maintained below 0.1%. The low sulfur content is achieved even in the presence of high sulfur concentrations in the reducing gases and witho... | 03/06/2001 |
| 6171364 | Method for stable operation of a smelter reactor A process of producing molten iron involves: a) introducing iron oxide, flux, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen to a smelter reactor; b) maintaining conditions to cause (i) the iron oxide to be reduced, (ii) molten iron to be created and stirred in the bo... | 01/09/2001 |
| 6143054 | Process of producing molten metals A molten bath-based direct smelting process for producing metals from metal oxides (including partially reduced metal oxides) is disclosed. The process includes causing upward movement of splashes, droplets, and streams of molten material from a metal lay... | 11/07/2000 |
| 6039787 | Process for reclaiming combustion residues In a process for working up combustion residues and slags from waste incineration plants or steel works slags, the slag is charged at a slag layer height of above 1.2 m into a converter (1), in which the molten slag is reacted with a metal bath (4) throug... | 03/21/2000 |
| 5993510 | Process for working up combustion residues A process is disclosed for working up combustion residues or slags from waste incineration plants or steel works slags in a converter by reacting the molten slag with a metal bath while injecting carbon and oxygen into the metal bath. The converter is sub... | 11/30/1999 |
| 5891214 | Smelting reduction method with increased effectiveness The invention relates to a method for increasing the effectiveness of the smelting reduction of oxidic metal carriers, particularly iron ore, and improving the heat efficiency of the charged fuels in the smelting reduction process which takes place in a r... | 04/06/1999 |
| 5885325 | Process and apparatus for the manufacture of steel A two stage reaction for the production of steel from iron carbide is carried out in two separate but interrelated reactors. In the first reactor, iron, carbide, with slag formers, is fed into a feed end and the reaction is well-mixed by the vessel geomet... | 03/23/1999 |
| 5800592 | Process for producing molten pig iron with melting cyclone A process for producing molten pig iron uses direct reduction of iron ore in a pre-reduction stage followed by a final reduction stage. In the pre-reduction stage iron ore is pre-reduced in a melting cyclone by means of a reducing process gas originating from ... | 09/01/1998 |
| 5776226 | Method for working up refuse or metal-oxide-containing refuse incineration residues A method for working up refuse or metal-oxide-containing refuse incineration residues or metallurgical residues includes an at least partial oxidation in a meltdown oxidizing reactor followed by a two-stage reduction. The first reduction stage is effected... | 07/07/1998 |
| 5749939 | Melting of NI laterite in making NI alloyed iron or steel A multiple stage process for obtaining Ni units from Ni laterite ores and sulfur-bearing Ni concentrates during production of nickel-alloyed iron, nickel-alloyed steel or nickel-alloyed stainless steel in a reactor equipped with top- and bottom-blowing me... | 05/12/1998 |
| 5746805 | Process for the continuous manufacture of steel Continuous steel making is carried out in an elongated approximately horizontal reactor by providing an iron-rich feed more than half of which is an iron-rich material containing a fine iron ore metallized by more than half of its weight to elemental iron... | 05/05/1998 |
| 5733358 | Process and apparatus for the manufacture of steel from iron carbide A two stage reaction for the production of steel from iron carbide is carried out in two separate but interrelated reactors. In the first reactor, iron carbide, with slag formers, is fed into a feed end and the reaction is well-mixed by the vessel geometr... | 03/31/1998 |
| 5702502 | Method for direct use of chromite ore in the production of stainless steel A three-stage process for obtaining metallic Cr units insitu during the production of stainless steel. Raw chromite ore or a concentrate produced from chromite ore is mixed with a carbonaceous reductant and slagging agents are added to an iron bath (24) f... | 12/30/1997 |
| 5647888 | Process for producing metals and metal alloys in a smelt reduction vessel A process and a smelt reduction vessel (1) for producing metals and metal alloys, in particular iron and iron alloys, from metal oxides and ores in a smelt reduction vessel. The process and the vessel are characterized in that loss of liquid and solids wi... | 07/15/1997 |
| 5575829 | Direct use of sulfur-bearing nickel concentrate in making Ni alloyed stainless steel A process for obtaining Ni units from sulfur-bearing nickel concentrate during refining a nickel-alloyed steel or a stainless steel. Sulfur of the concentrate is transferred to and held within the slag by controlling slag composition and temperature, degr... | 11/19/1996 |
| 5518523 | Converter process for the production of iron A process for the production of iron from ferrous raw materials, the process comprising conducting a production phase and a tapping phase, the production phase including feeding fuel to an iron bath contained in a converter, continuously feeding ferrous r... | 05/21/1996 |
| 5498277 | Process for production of iron A process for smelting iron-containing source material in a reactor containing a slag bath, includes generating heating and reducing conditions in at least one reducing region of the bath by injection of fuel/reductant and oxygen-containing gas by at leas... | 03/12/1996 |
| 5489325 | Process for producing metals and metal alloys in a smelt reduction vessel A process and a smelt reduction vessel (1) for producing metals and metal alloys, in particular iron and iron alloys, from metal oxides and ores in a smelt reduction vessel. The process and the vessel are characterized in that loss of liquid and solids wi... | 02/06/1996 |
| 5480473 | Method for intensifying the reactions in metallurgical reaction vessels The invention relates to a method for intensifying the reactions in metallurgical reaction vessels containing a molten bath to which the reacting agents are fed below and above the bath surface, the gases emerging from the metal bath being afterburned in ... | 01/02/1996 |
