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3M employee and church chorister Art Fry needed something to temporarily mark pages in his hymnal. He was in luck because his colleague, Spencer Silver, accidentally developed a glue that was too weak for other purposes. After initially discouraging consumer response, Post-it Notes became a hit in 1979.
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| Number | Title | Issue Date |
| 7319528 | Surface texture measuring instrument A surface texture measuring instrument provided with a near-field measuring unit (30) including a near-field probe (33) that forms a near-field light at a tip end thereof when a laser beam is irradiated, a laser source (35) that generates the la... | 01/15/2008 |
| 7009182 | Low cost digital pocket dosemeter The invention relates to a pocket type digital radiation dosemeter comprising of a detector, which converts the ionisation in the detector caused by the incidence of ionising radiation of certain energy range into electrical impulses, a low power pulse amplifier, th... | 03/07/2006 |
| 6959140 | Light path A light path extending between first and second zones that are sealed relative to each other by a sealing gasket is provided. The light path includes at least one optical fiber. The optical fiber is provided with a metal coating and passes through the sealing gasket... | 10/25/2005 |
| 6928130 | Dodecahedron neutron spectrometer with tantalum proton absorber for aircraft A neutron spectrometer for aircraft is provided by a series of substrates covered by a solid-state detector stacked on an absorbing layer. As many as 12 substrates that convert neutrons to protons are covered by a layer of absorbing material, acting as a proton abso... | 08/09/2005 |
| 6765214 | Smart radiological dosimeter A radiation dosimeter providing an indication of the dose of radiation to which the radiation sensor has been exposed. The dosimeter contains features enabling the monitoring and evaluating of radiological risks so that a user can concentrate on the task at hand. Th... | 07/20/2004 |
| 6720552 | Repeating pulsed magnet A magnet for use with a neutron scattering apparatus. The neutron scattering apparatus provides an incident beam of neutrons to a sample under analysis. The magnet has first and second body portions of high conductivity material and has a mid-plane portion there bet... | 04/13/2004 |
| 6630717 | CMOS semiconductor circuit with reverse bias applied for reduced power consumption An integrated CMOS semiconductor circuit comprises: an internal circuit composed of CMOS transistors including P3- and N-channel transistors each having a gate electrode and source/drain regions formed on a semiconductor substrate, the internal circuit fu... | 10/07/2003 |
| 6596998 | Method and system for identifying the source of a signal A method for determining which of a plurality of detectors transmitted a signal, such as a signal related to neutron or gamma emissions, includes connecting each of the detectors to a single cable, such as an environmentally rugged cable. Signals are tran... | 07/22/2003 |
| 6455859 | Selective flow path alpha particle detector and method of use A method and apparatus for monitoring alpha contamination are provided in which ions generated in the air surrounding the item, by the passage of alpha particles, are moved to a distant detector location. The parts of the item from which ions are withdraw... | 09/24/2002 |
| 6365901 | Relating to monitoring ion sources The apparatus and method provide techniques for monitoring the position on alpha contamination in or on items or locations. The technique is particularly applicable to pipes, conduits and other locations to which access is difficult. The technique uses in... | 04/02/2002 |
| 6353230 | Monitoring materials The apparatus and method provide techniques for effectively implementing alpha and/or beta and/or gamma monitoring of items or locations as desired. Indirect alpha monitoring by detecting ions generated by alpha emissions, in conjunction with beta and/or ... | 03/05/2002 |
| 6346709 | Alpha, beta, and gamma monitor for measuring concentrations of ionizing radiation emitters in ambient air or other media A low cost and simple technique for measurement of radioactive contaminants in the air, soil, or in buildings is provided. The alpha, beta gamma radiation monitor comprises a thin window and two more removable radiation windows on top of a pancake-shaped ... | 02/12/2002 |
| 6331706 | Collection of ions The apparatus and method provide an improved technique for detecting ions as the area from which ions are attracted to a detector is increased, consequently increasing the number of ions detected. This is achieved by providing the outer electrodes of the ... | 12/18/2001 |
| 6331707 | Electrostatic monitoring The apparatus and method provide a technique for more simply measuring alpha and/or beta emissions arising from items or locations. The technique uses indirect monitoring of the emissions by detecting ions generated by the emissions, the ions being attrac... | 12/18/2001 |
| 5703370 | Method and apparatus for measuring angular differential dose of ionizing radiation A sensor from a carbon fiber, self-reading electrometer type of dosimeter made with a radically modified ionization chamber in order to determine the angular differential dose of ionizing radiation. The chamber is flat and its size is increased so that i... | 12/30/1997 |
| 5567946 | Deconnable self-reading pocket dosimeter containment with self-contained light A container for a self-reading pocket dosimeter includes a transparent tube for receiving the self-reading pocket dosimeter, a light source mounted at one end of the transparent tube, and an eyepiece mounted on an opposite end of the transparent tube for ... | 10/22/1996 |
| 5426305 | Hermetically sealed plastic radiation detector The radiation detector includes a housing formed of a liquid crystal poly or polyphenylene sulfide treated with a gas plasma and reinforced with carbon fibers. Further, the detector includes components, such as the eye lens, window and charging switch, f... | 06/20/1995 |
| 5338938 | Gamma radiation field intensity meter A gamma radiation intensity meter measures dose rate of a radiation field. The gamma radiation intensity meter includes a tritium battery emitting beta rays generating a current which is essentially constant. Dose rate is correlated to an amount of moveme... | 08/16/1994 |
| 5003176 | Ionization chamber An ionization chamber can stably measure a weak ionizing radiation with high sensitivity. The ionization chamber comprises an electrically conductive charge collecting electrode having a magnetic substance or a permanent magnet; an electromagnet for posit... | 03/26/1991 |
| 4988876 | Personnel radiation dosimetry device and testing unit A system for measuring the cumulative amount of radiation received by a person includes a radiation monitoring electret. This electret is supported on a first conductive plate and preferably is positioned within a protective cavity such that it is not dis... | 01/29/1991 |
| 4926053 | Radon monitor A sensitive radon monitor has a container with a flat bottom and an upwardly and outwardly extending truncated conical side wall terminating upwardly in a relatively large upper edge. A cover overlies the upper edge. The cover has a disk-shaped plate with... | 05/15/1990 |
| 4788430 | Contamination and irradiation measuring method and a universal sensor for implementing said method A method is provided for contamination and irradiation measurement and a universal sensor for implementing said process. The individual portable sensor of the invention includes an electret a first face of which is at least partially in contact with the f... | 11/29/1988 |
| 4721857 | Sampling and recording dose rate meter A wide range radiation dose rate meter for civil defense use, including a iger-Mueller tube used in a continuous counting mode and for measuring dose rates from the natural background to about 30. rads/hr., with an ion chamber arranged to measure higher d... | 01/26/1988 |
| 4697084 | Fiber-type dosimeter with improved illuminator A single-piece, molded plastic, Cassigrainian-type condenser arrangement is incorporated in a tubular-shaped personal pocket dosimeter of the type which combines an ionization chamber with an optically-read fiber electrometer to provide improved illuminat... | 09/29/1987 |
| 4620101 | Charging switch for a bar dosimeter for ionizing radiation The disclosure concerns a bar dosimeter used for measuring ionizing radiation. In a hollow housing, an axially deflectible contact pin is centrally supported in a deflectible membrane. The pin and the membrane are deflectible over center to a first deflec... | 10/28/1986 |
| 4617464 | Sampling and recording dose rate meter A wide range radiation dose rate meter for civil defense use, including a iger-Mueller tube used in a continuous counting mode and for measuring dose rates from the natural background to about 30 rads/hr., with an ion chamber arranged to measure higher do... | 10/14/1986 |
| 4451736 | Method and apparatus for measuring air ion concentrations An air ion dosimeter is disclosed which includes a small electret (10) charged to a selected level and then enclosed to await use. Measurement of air ions is made by removing the enclosure (12) from the electret (10), and either exposing the electret to t... | 05/29/1984 |
| 4355235 | Devices for measuring parameters which can modify the charge of an electret The invention relates to a device for measuring irradiation capable of modifying the charge of an electret. It is arranged in a portable cassette, between two electrodes held separated by a part and connected to a measuring circuit. A conductive shutter i... | 10/19/1982 |
| 4306154 | Dosimeter The construction of a direct reading, ionization chamber dosimeter is almost exclusively of thermoplastic material. Except for an electrometer frame and switch contacts, the dosimeter comprises components of injection molded thermoplastic material. The do... | 12/15/1981 |
| 4284892 | Method and device for the automatic reading of the irradiation dose of a portable dosimeter A method for the automatic reading of the radiation dose of a portable dosimeter with an ionization chamber provided with a capacitor C1, and a device for carrying out said method, said device comprising means for measuring the value of the ion... | 08/18/1981 |
| 4227086 | Detectors of parameters adapted to act on the force of attraction between an electret and an electrode The device is able to detect the exceeding of a given threshold by a parameter, other than an electric voltage, capable of affecting the electrostatic force of attraction exerted between a charged electret and one, of two electrodes between which said ele... | 10/07/1980 |
| 4191886 | Radiation dose rate indicator A pocket size dose rate monitor is disclosed which is meterless, small and ugged. The instrument is cylindrically shaped so as to be carried, for example, in the shirt pocket of a user. A battery powered blocking oscillator drives a Geiger-Mueller ionizati... | 03/04/1980 |
| 4019058 | Charge transport tactical dosimeter A quartz fiber electroscope shunted by a variable capacitor is periodically coupled to a radiation detection capacitor formed of material of a relatively large atomic number, e.g. aluminum, completely surrounded by a material of lesser atomic number, e.g.... | 04/19/1977 |
| 3999063 | Optical measuring system with digital electrometer scaler An optical measuring system is described for automatically operating an electrometer. A binant electrometer is employed with a quartz fiber mounted at one end but free to vibrate at the other in an AC field. The fiber oscillates if a charge is placed upon... | 12/21/1976 |
